The faults that waste energy in commercial buildings, one page each.
Energy Agent runs 96 fault-detection rules over the meter and BAS data your building already produces. This library explains what each fault means, why it costs you money or comfort, and what to do about it.
What a rule page gives you
- What it means. The physical situation the rule has found, in plain terms: which equipment, which condition, and over what kind of period.
- Why it matters. What the fault costs — energy, demand, comfort, equipment life — and why it tends to go unnoticed.
- What to do. Where to look first and the usual fixes, ordered from the cheapest and most common cause outward.
The sixteen AHU-FC rules are aligned with the fault conditions FC01–FC16 described in ASHRAE Guideline 36. The logic is expressed in Pelorus Engineering’s own engineering terms; Guideline 36 text is not reproduced here.
Start with the data you have
Three short tools that turn "what data do we have" into "what would Energy Agent find", before anyone signs anything.
Is your building ready for fault detection?
Answer a few questions about your meter and BAS points. See how many of the 96 rules can run today, the one point that unlocks the most, and get the summary by email.
Take the readiness quiz →InteractiveWhat your data unlocks
Flip the switches for the data you have and watch the 25 analyses in Energy Agent turn on, run with a caveat, or wait. The same gate the product runs.
Open the board →9 guidesHow to get your data
Interval data from the utility, trend exports from Niagara, Metasys, Tracer, Desigo and EcoStruxure, schedules and bills. With CSV templates.
Read the guides →How to read a rule
Every rule page has the same three sections, written for the person who has to act on it rather than the person who wrote the detector.
The pricing badge
Each rule carries a pricing badge. Physics-based rules use a rule-specific model of the wasted energy. Capacity-based rules combine the equipment’s capacity, its duty and the fault hours. Meter rules are priced directly from the excess the meter recorded. The method is stated on every finding in Energy Agent, never hidden.
Diagnostic rules claim no dollars
Diagnostic rules claim no dollars at all, by design. A biased sensor, an under-ventilated classroom or a boiler that cannot hold setpoint is still surfaced and ranked, but as a comfort, reliability or data-quality problem — never inflated into savings.
Faults cascade
When an upstream delivery problem explains a downstream symptom over most of the same hours, the symptom is folded into its cause so one root cause is not counted several times. The hidden dollars still appear on the cause.
A data-quality gate runs first
Before any rule runs, a data-quality gate checks the supplied trends — gaps, frozen channels, unit mismatches, timestamp problems — and decides which analyses the data can actually support. A rule that cannot be trusted on your data is not run.
What this library does not show
This library describes the faults, not the detectors. Thresholds, tolerances and timing windows are tuned per building inside Energy Agent and are not published here.
Browse by equipment family
Whole-building meter
What the utility meter alone can prove.
32 rulesAir-side AHU
Air handlers, including the Guideline 36 conditions.
7 rulesVAV / zone
Terminal boxes and the zones they serve.
10 rulesZones & IAQ
Comfort, ventilation and humidity where people are.
18 rulesCentral plant
Chillers, boilers, towers and pumps.
7 rulesPackaged RTU / DX
Packaged rooftop and split DX units.
6 rulesHeat pumps / VRF
Heat pumps and variable-refrigerant-flow systems.
5 rulesDOAS / ERV / exhaust
Dedicated outdoor air, energy recovery and exhaust.
All 96 rules
Search by code, equipment or symptom, or narrow by family and pricing. Every rule links to its own page.
- MET-01 · Whole-building meter
Excessive night / weekend baseload
Baseload power during unoccupied hours is higher than expected for the building's size and type.
Measured at the meterMeter data - MET-02 · Whole-building meter
Baseload creeping up over time
The minimum nightly demand has been trending upward across the analysis window.
Measured at the meterMeter data - MET-03 · Whole-building meter
After-hours operation
Building demand is well above baseload during hours the schedule says it should be off.
Measured at the meterMeter data - MET-04 · Whole-building meter
Weekend load shape looks like a weekday
Saturday and Sunday demand profiles look almost identical to weekday profiles, despite no occupancy.
Measured at the meterMeter data - MET-05 · Whole-building meter
Anomalous peak demand event
A measured peak demand interval is far above what historical demand for that calendar position would predict.
Measured at the meterMeter data - MET-06 · Whole-building meter
Weather sensitivity has changed
The building's response to outdoor temperature (kWh per degree-day) has shifted from its historical baseline.
Measured at the meterMeter data - MET-07 · Whole-building meter
Heating + cooling fuel signature overlap
Gas (heating) and electric (cooling) consumption both rise across a shoulder-season period when only one should be active.
Measured at the meterMeter data - MET-08 · Whole-building meter
Anomalous daily load shape
One or more days have a load shape that doesn't fit any of the building's normal day-type clusters.
Diagnostic · data qualityMeter data - MET-09 · Whole-building meter
Sudden step change in baseline
Baseload demand jumped discontinuously up or down on a specific date and didn't return.
Measured at the meterMeter data - MET-10 · Whole-building meter
Meter data integrity issue
The interval data has gaps, frozen values, or implausible jumps that suggest a meter or telemetry problem rather than building behavior.
Diagnostic · data qualityMeter data - MET-11 · Whole-building meter
Lighting on after hours
The lighting submeter runs well above its normal unoccupied level outside the occupancy schedule.
Measured at the meterMeter data - AHU-FC01 · Air-side AHU
Duct static pressure cannot be met
The supply fan is at full speed but duct static pressure still isn't reaching its setpoint.
Capacity-basedBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC02 · Air-side AHU
Mixed-air temperature below both OAT and RAT
MAT is colder than both the outdoor air and the return air — physically impossible without a sensor or damper fault.
Diagnostic · data qualityBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC02/03/06 · Air-side AHU
Mixed-air temperature doesn't match OA/RA mix
The measured mixed-air temperature is inconsistent with what the OA damper position and the OAT/RAT temperatures predict it should be.
Diagnostic · data qualityBAS trends - AHU-FC03 · Air-side AHU
Mixed-air temperature above both OAT and RAT
MAT is hotter than both the outdoor air and the return air — physically impossible without a fault.
Diagnostic · data qualityBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC04 · Air-side AHU
Operating state hunting
The AHU is flipping between heating, free cooling, and mechanical cooling many times an hour.
Capacity-basedBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC05 · Air-side AHU
Supply air not warming across active heating
Heating valve is open but SAT isn't rising above MAT by more than the fan-heat tolerance — the heating coil isn't delivering heat.
Capacity-basedBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC06 · Air-side AHU
OA fraction wrong for current operating state
The fraction of outside air being introduced doesn't match what the operating state calls for.
Diagnostic · reliabilityBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC07 · Air-side AHU
SAT low while heating valve is full open
Heating valve is saturated open but SAT still hasn't reached setpoint.
Capacity-basedBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC08 · Air-side AHU
SAT and MAT not tracking in economizer
In pure economizer mode (no mechanical heating or cooling), SAT should equal MAT plus the fan-heat rise — but it doesn't.
Capacity-basedBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC09 · Air-side AHU
OAT too high for SAT setpoint with free cooling alone
It's too hot outside to hit SAT setpoint without mechanical cooling, but the AHU is still in economizer mode.
Capacity-basedBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC10 · Air-side AHU
Mixed air not tracking outdoor air at 100% OA
With the outdoor-air damper fully open, the mixed-air temperature should equal the outdoor-air temperature — it doesn't.
Diagnostic · data qualityBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC11 · Air-side AHU
Mechanical cooling with outdoor air cold enough to do the job
The unit is at 100% outdoor air and still running the cooling coil, although the outdoor air alone is colder than the supply setpoint.
Capacity-basedBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC12 · Air-side AHU
SAT too high relative to MAT in cooling mode
When cooling is active, SAT should drop below MAT.
Capacity-basedBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC13 · Air-side AHU
Supply air too warm with the cooling valve full open
The cooling coil is doing everything it can and the supply air is still above setpoint.
Capacity-basedBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC14 · Air-side AHU
Temperature drop across inactive cooling coil
Cooling valve is commanded closed but air is still being cooled as it crosses the coil.
Capacity-basedBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-FC15 · Air-side AHU
Temperature rise across inactive heating coil
Heating valve is commanded closed but air is still being warmed as it crosses the coil.
Capacity-basedBAS trendsGuideline 36 - AHU-X01 · Air-side AHU
Fighting coils — heating and cooling on at the same time
The heating valve and the cooling valve are both driving open simultaneously on the same AHU.
Physics-basedBAS trends - AHU-X02 · Air-side AHU
Reheat clawing back overcooled air
Zone temperature dropped below setpoint and reheat then activated to recover — the AHU overcooled and is paying to heat back up.
Physics-basedBAS trends - AHU-X03 · Air-side AHU
Fan power deviates from fan-curve expectation
The fan is drawing more (or less) power than the affinity laws predict for its current speed.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - AHU-X04 · Air-side AHU
SAT setpoint is constant — no reset strategy
The supply-air-temp setpoint never moves across the analysis window, indicating no trim-and-reset or load-based reset is happening.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - AHU-X05 · Air-side AHU
Equipment running outside its occupancy schedule
A channel is showing active output during hours the building schedule says it should be off.
Physics-basedBAS trends - AHU-X06 · Air-side AHU
Control loop oscillating
A control output is oscillating quickly enough that the loop is unstable.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - AHU-X07 · Air-side AHU
Sensor value frozen
A sensor's value hasn't changed beyond its noise floor for a long period when it should have.
Diagnostic · data qualityBAS trends - AHU-X08 · Air-side AHU
Valve pegged open or closed
A valve has been at 100% (or 0%) for sustained periods, suggesting it can't meet load.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - AHU-X09 · Air-side AHU
Supply fan riding high with no cooling demand
The supply fan is running above its minimum speed but the cooling load is near zero.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - AHU-X10 · Air-side AHU
Hot-water supply not following OAT reset
The hot-water supply temperature is too high for the current outdoor temperature — the reset schedule isn't being followed.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - AHU-X11 · Air-side AHU
Supply air temperature missing setpoint
Supply air temperature is drifting above or below its setpoint by more than the tolerance.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - AHU-X12 · Air-side AHU
Reheat active during unoccupied hours
Hot-water reheat is running at night or on weekends when the building should be unoccupied and unconditioned.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - AHU-X13 · Air-side AHU
Outside-air damper open past minimum without economizer reason
The OA damper is open well past its minimum position even though OAT is too hot or too cold for free cooling to be useful.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - AHU-X14 · Air-side AHU
Mechanical cooling while free cooling was available
Outdoor air is cool enough to provide free cooling, but the AHU is at minimum OA and running mechanical cooling instead.
Physics-basedBAS trends - AHU-X15 · Air-side AHU
Static-pressure setpoint never resets
The supply-duct static-pressure setpoint sits at one value whenever the unit runs — there is no trim-and-respond reset from the VAV box dampers.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - ERV-FC16 · Air-side AHU
Energy recovery not recovering
The recovery wheel or core is commanded on but the supply air isn't being pre-conditioned much by the exhaust stream.
Capacity-basedBAS trendsGuideline 36 - VAV-01 · VAV / zone
VAV airflow sensor miscalibrated
The VAV's airflow reading doesn't match what's expected from its damper position and the serving AHU's supply pressure.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - VAV-02 · VAV / zone
VAV damper leaking when commanded closed
Damper command is at minimum but measured airflow is well above minimum and the serving fan is running.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - VAV-03 · VAV / zone
VAV reheat valve leaking
Reheat valve is commanded closed but discharge-air temperature is rising above supply-air temperature.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - VAV-04 · VAV / zone
Zone outside its setpoint band
Zone temperature is sustained above the cooling setpoint or below the heating setpoint by more than the tolerance.
Diagnostic · comfortBAS trends - VAV-05 · VAV / zone
VAV reheat valve pegged but zone still cold
Reheat valve has been at 100% but the zone temp is still below the heating setpoint.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - VAV-06 · VAV / zone
VAV box stuck at min or max airflow
VAV airflow has been pinned at the minimum or maximum setpoint regardless of zone demand.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - VAV-07 · VAV / zone
Single zone driving AHU reset
One VAV is consistently the most-open box and is driving the AHU's SAT reset target colder or hotter than the rest of the building needs.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - FCU-01 · Zones & IAQ
Fan-coil valve leaking by
The coil valve is closed but the discharge air is still well away from the zone temperature.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - FCU-02 · Zones & IAQ
Fan-coil fan out of step with its call
The fan runs unoccupied with the valve closed, or the valve opens while the fan is off.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - FCU-03 · Zones & IAQ
Four-pipe fan-coil heating and cooling together
Both the heating and cooling valves of a fan-coil are open at once.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - ZONE-01 · Zones & IAQ
Over-ventilating a lightly occupied zone
CO₂ is far below the demand-control setpoint while the outdoor-air damper is wide open.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - ZONE-02 · Zones & IAQ
Under-ventilated zone (CO₂ high)
CO₂ stays above the comfort / code limit while the space is occupied.
Diagnostic · comfortBAS trends - ZONE-03 · Zones & IAQ
Zone humidity out of band
Occupied relative humidity sits outside the comfort band for a sustained period.
Diagnostic · comfortBAS trends - ZONE-04 · Zones & IAQ
Condensation risk on a chilled surface
A chilled beam / radiant / supply surface is colder than the zone dewpoint.
Diagnostic · reliabilityBAS trends - ZONE-05 · Zones & IAQ
Zone temperature sensor biased vs neighbours
One zone sensor reads persistently offset from the median of its neighbours.
Diagnostic · data qualityBAS trends - ZONE-06 · Zones & IAQ
Occupied setpoints outside policy
During occupied hours the zone is asked for cooling colder, heating warmer, or a deadband narrower than the building's setpoint policy.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - ZONE-07 · Zones & IAQ
Night setback too shallow
The unoccupied cooling and heating setpoints are within a few degrees of the occupied ones — the zone is kept at comfort conditions overnight and at weekends.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-01 · Central plant
Chiller can't make chilled-water supply setpoint
The chiller is on but CHW supply temperature is above its setpoint by more than the tolerance.
Diagnostic · reliabilityBAS trends - PLANT-02 · Central plant
Low chilled-water ΔT syndrome
The chilled-water loop's supply-to-return delta is below design when the chiller is loaded.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-03 · Central plant
Condenser approach drifting up — likely tube fouling
The gap between condenser leaving water temp and refrigerant condensing temp has grown over time when normalized by load.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-04 · Central plant
Boiler and chiller running at the same time
The building is calling for both heating and cooling at the central plant simultaneously.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-05 · Central plant
Pump running with no flow
Pump status reads on but flow is at or near zero — the pump is deadheading against closed valves.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-06 · Central plant
Cooling-tower fan short-cycling
The cooling tower's fan is starting and stopping more frequently than its minimum-runtime allows.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-07 · Central plant
Chiller short-cycling
The chiller is starting and stopping more frequently than its minimum-runtime safety limit allows.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-07B · Central plant
Boiler short-cycling
The boiler is starting and stopping more frequently than its minimum-runtime safety limit allows.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-07D · Central plant
Chiller efficiency drifting
The chiller uses more kW for the same cooling than it did at the start of the data.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-08 · Central plant
Chiller running at very low load
The chiller idles below a quarter of its rated draw for hours.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-09 · Central plant
Chilled-water supply reset absent
The chilled-water supply setpoint stays flat for weeks while the weather swings.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-10 · Central plant
Condenser-water reset absent
The condenser-water setpoint never follows the wet-bulb.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-11 · Central plant
Cooling-tower approach high
Tower leaving water is far above the outdoor wet-bulb with the fans working.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-12 · Central plant
Tower fans overshooting setpoint
Tower fans at full speed while the leaving water is already colder than setpoint.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-13 · Central plant
Decoupler reverse flow
The secondary loop pulls more water than the primary supplies.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-14 · Central plant
Condensing boiler not condensing
Hot-water return to a condensing boiler is warm enough that the flue gas cannot condense, so the boiler runs as a conventional one.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-15 · Central plant
Hot-water loop low ΔT
The hot-water loop ΔT collapses while the boiler runs.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - PLANT-16 · Central plant
Pump ΔP reset absent
The secondary pump differential-pressure setpoint is flat for weeks.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - RTU-01 · Packaged RTU / DX
Compressor short-cycling
The compressor is starting far more often than a healthy unit should.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - RTU-02 · Packaged RTU / DX
Cooling / heating stage hunting
A stage is flipping on and off many times an hour.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - RTU-03 · Packaged RTU / DX
DX cooling capacity degraded
On hot days with the compressor running the supply air is not getting as cold as the coil should make it.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - RTU-04 · Packaged RTU / DX
Integrated economizer not used
The compressor runs while outdoor air is cool enough for free cooling and the damper is parked at minimum.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - RTU-05 · Packaged RTU / DX
Heat and cool stages on together
A heating stage and a compressor stage are energized at the same time.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - RTU-06 · Packaged RTU / DX
Supply fan running after hours with no call
The fan runs outside the schedule with neither heating nor cooling active.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - RTU-07 · Packaged RTU / DX
High compressor runtime on cool days
On days cool enough that mechanical cooling should barely run, the compressor runs most of the time.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - HP-01 · Heat pumps / VRF
Auxiliary heat without lockout
Electric resistance / auxiliary heat runs while it is warm enough for the compressor to carry the load.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - HP-02 · Heat pumps / VRF
Excessive defrost
The outdoor coil is defrosting far more than it should.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - HP-03 · Heat pumps / VRF
Heat-pump compressor short-cycling
The heat-pump compressor is starting far more often than a healthy unit should.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - HP-04 · Heat pumps / VRF
Reversing valve / mode mismatch
The unit says heating but the supply air is colder than return (or the opposite in cooling).
Capacity-basedBAS trends - VRF-01 · Heat pumps / VRF
VRF indoor units in conflicting modes
On a heat-pump (non-heat-recovery) VRF system, some indoor units call for heating while others call for cooling.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - VRF-02 · Heat pumps / VRF
VRF indoor unit runtime imbalance
One indoor unit runs several times longer than its siblings.
Diagnostic · reliabilityBAS trends - BP-01 · DOAS / ERV / exhaust
Building pressure out of band
Building static pressure is negative or excessive during occupancy.
Diagnostic · reliabilityBAS trends - DOAS-01 · DOAS / ERV / exhaust
DOAS supply setpoint not met
The dedicated outdoor-air unit's supply temperature misses its setpoint for an hour or more while running.
Diagnostic · comfortBAS trends - EF-01 · DOAS / ERV / exhaust
Exhaust running without supply
Exhaust fans run while the supply fan is off.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - EF-02 · DOAS / ERV / exhaust
Exhaust running outside the schedule
General exhaust runs during unoccupied hours.
Capacity-basedBAS trends - ERV-02 · DOAS / ERV / exhaust
Energy-recovery bypass open when recovery pays
The recovery bypass is open while indoor and outdoor temperatures differ a lot.
Capacity-basedBAS trends
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